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A torque converter in modern usage, is usually a fluid coupling that is used in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for instance an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Like a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a considerable difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most common type of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling kind. During the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or likewise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are different mechanical designs for continuously variable transmissions which can multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is a type which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling could not multiply torque. Torque converters have an component called a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout occasions of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating components within a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any situation and this is where the term stator starts from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
Adjustments to the basic three element design have been integrated sometimes. These adjustments have proven worthy specially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is needed. Usually, these modifications have taken the form of various stators and turbines. Each set has been meant to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several instances consist of the Dynaflow which makes use of a five element converter in order to generate the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various auto converters consist of a lock-up clutch to be able to lessen heat and in order to improve the cruising power and transmission efficiency, even if it is not strictly component of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
